JTUS, Vol. 02,
No. 7 July 2024
E-ISSN: 2984-7435, P-ISSN: 2984-7427
|
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58631/jtus.v2i7.106 |
Factors Affecting the
Inclusive and Sustainable Development of The Creative Economy in Semarang City
Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika Prajanti1*, Subiyanto2,
Talitha Widiatningrum3
1,2,3Universitas
Negeri Semarang, East Java, Indonesia
Email:
[email protected]
|
Abstract The
Covid-19 pandemic has precipitated a shift in business transactions from
offline to online, presenting opportunities for growth in Semarang City's
creative economy sectors such as Applications and Games, Music, Culinary,
Fashion, and Crafts. Despite these opportunities, the development of the
creative economy in Semarang City appears fragmented and lacks clear
direction, compounded by challenges in accessing comprehensive development
data. This study aims to identify the factors influencing the inclusive and
sustainable development of Semarang City's creative economy. Utilizing
primary data from direct surveys and Focus Group Discussions (FGD), alongside
secondary data from Semarang City's regional government and the Central
Bureau of Statistics (BPS), this research employs the Partial Least Squares
(PLS) Analysis Method to analyze these factors. Findings reveal significant
ongoing development across Semarang City's creative industries, with culinary
(22.9%), music (20.8%), product design (7.08%), fashion (9.91%), and crafts
(9.2%) emerging as key subsectors. The study identifies academician and
government support as directly influencing the competitive advantage of
Semarang City's creative economy, while private sector, community, and media
involvement show indirect effects. The model proposes that a collaborative
approach involving academicians, government, private sector, community, and
media—a Penta Helix framework—is crucial for fostering further growth and
mobilizing Semarang City's creative economy. Keywords: Creative Economy, Inclusive, Sustainable, Semarang City. |
INTRODUCTION
The term creative economy was first
introduced by John Howkins
UK DCMS through Creative Economic Estimates 2015 differentiates creative economy and creative industry.
Creative industry is an inseparable
part of creative
economy (creative economy also includes
creative industry)
The role of
the creative economy in the national economy and the characteristics
of Indonesia which is famous for
its socio-cultural diversity spread throughout the archipelago definitely can be a source
of inspiration in developing the creative economy. In general, each region has product potential that can be
raised and developed. The uniqueness or peculiarity of local products
must be the
core, then add elements of
creativity with a touch of technology.
Cities in Indonesia, with their unique features,
have the potential to be
developed as creative cities. Creative economic development can be carried
out in line with tourism development
One of the
areas that has great creative economic potential is Semarang City. Many creative economy sectors have been
established in Semarang, consisting
of 17 creative economy categories. However, in its calculations, the creative economy sector is still
mixed with its conventional parent sector. From 2016 to 2019, all Semarang City GRDP sectors experienced an increase, however, the Semarang City GRDP sector in
2020 experienced a decline,
including the construction, wholesale and retail; car and motorbike repairs,
transportation and warehousing, provision of accommodation and food and
drink, real estate, corporate services, government administration, defense and mandatory
social security, educational services, and other services.
The decline in GRDP in several
sectors is the impact of
the Covid-19 pandemic which began in 2020, and caused the
government to implement various policies to limit people's economic activities.
The decline in economic growth to minus value was caused
by the effects
of the Covid-19 pandemic, which caused a decline in the GDRP sector value in several sectors. By developing the creative economy,
it is expected
that Semarang City's economic growth can be boosted
again. Semarang City has a local
cultural heritage that has good potential
to be developed
but does not yet have the
characteristics of local products in terms of culture.
MSME academician also admits that Semarang City itself still does
not have local characteristics that are formed through their creative MSME products
Source : Bappenas RI (2021)
Figure 1. Inclusive Economic Development Index of
Semarang City 2016-2020.
Over the past five
years, the Inclusive Economic Development
Index of Semarang City has tended
to fluctuate. Therefore, more massive efforts are needed so that
the development direction of Semarang City can reduce income
inequality, reduce poverty rates, and provide more
access and opportunities to society. Another main thing is to
focus on sustainable city development. In the Regional
Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMD), Semarang City for
2016-2021 also contains more inclusive and sustainable development targets, such as reducing poverty rates, income inequality, and employment or expanding employment
opportunities. One of the sectors that
can be directed
towards inclusive and sustainable development is the creative economy.
The creative economy can provide opportunities
for all parties,
for large businesses and MSMEs to be
involved in business activities, and provide economic benefits.
One of the sectors
that can be directed towards
inclusive and sustainable development is the creative
economy. The development of the creative
economy can be encouraged more.
Efforts to develop the creative
economy have been carried out
by several previous studies but still produce
different concepts and models. Efforts
to develop the creative economy
can be carried
out with the concept of
optimizing the role of stakeholders
which consist of three main actors
(triple helix) which include business
people, government, and academiciansn
This research aims to identify factors
influencing inclusive and sustainable development within the creative economy
sector in Semarang City, analyze stakeholder roles in promoting inclusive and
sustainable practices, develop effective strategies and recommendations based
on empirical findings and best practices, address research gaps by focusing on
underexplored inclusive and sustainable aspects compared to previous studies
emphasizing stakeholder roles and strategic development, and provide insights to
support policy-making and practical interventions for enhancing a more
inclusive and sustainable creative economy ecosystem in Semarang City.
METHODS
Partial Least Square (PLS) is a powerful analysis
method and is often referred
to as soft modeling because it eliminates
the assumptions of OLS regression
1.
Descriptive Analysis aims to
find out in general, the distribution
of data used in the research
2.
The evaluation of the measurement
model (Outer model) by looking at the
validity and reliability of the indicators on the latent
variable.
3.
Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square Analysis
a.
Designing concept and theory-based
models
b.
Creating a path diagram
c.
Converting path diagrams to
equations.
d.
Estimating parameters and evaluating models
e.
Hypothesis test
f.
Drawing conclusions
H1a : Academicians have an effect
on the performance
of creative economy businesses in Semarang
City,
H1b : Academicians have an effect
on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City,
H2a : The government
has an effect on the performance
of creative economy businesses in Semarang
City,
H2b:
The government has an effect on the
competitive advantage of the creative
economy in Semarang City,
H3a : The private sector has an effect
on the performance
of creative economy businesses in Semarang
City. Drawing conclusions,
H3b : The private sector has an effect
on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City,
H4a : Community has an effect on
the performance of creative economy
businesses in Semarang City,
H4b : Community has an effect on
the competitive advantage of the
creative economy in
Semarang City,
H5a : Media has an effect on the
performance of creative economy businesses in Semarang City,
H5b : Media has an effect on the
competitive advantage of the creative
economy in Semarang City,
H6a : Human capital has
an effect on the performance
of creative economy businesses in Semarang
City,
H6b : Human capital has
an effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City,
H7 : Business performance
has a significant effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City,
H8 : Academicians have a significant effect on the
competitive advantage of the creative
economy in Semarang City through
business performance,
H9 : The government
has a significant effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City through business
performance,
H10 : The private sector has a significant effect on the
competitive advantage of the creative
economy in Semarang City through
business performance,
H11 : Community has a significant effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City through business
performance,
H12 : Media has a significant
effect on the competitive advantage of the
creative economy in
Semarang City through business
performance,
H13 : Human capital has
a significant effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City through business
performance
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
Descriptive Analysis
In general, all sub-sectors of the
creative economy are evidently growing and developing in Semarang City.
As one of the largest trading
cities in Central Java and one of
the largest in Indonesia, the creative industry
in Semarang City certainly continues
to develop. This can be
seen from the many and
varied creative industry actors. Below is a table
of types of creative economy
businesses that have collaborated with the Semarang City Government, in this case, creative economy exhibition events. The data on creative economy actors are obtained from the Economic
Committee of Semarang City and searched through
the Economic sub-sector Coordinator of Semarang City. The data are community-based
and each sub-sector has its coordinator.
Table 1. below
shows the number of creative
economy actors in 2021 who joined the
auspices of the Creative Economy
Committee of Semarang City.
Semarang City currently has actors
in all sub-sectors of the creative
economy. This shows that the
Creative Economy development in Semarang City has developed
significantly. Of the 17 subsectors, Semarang City
has five main Creative Economy subsectors, namely culinary, music, product design, fashion, and crafts.
Three mainstay subsectors such as culinary, crafts, and fashion are still very promising
because the demand is still
high. The music subsector
has great potential for development because there are many communities or actors. Based
on information in Table 4.1, it is
known that the five main sub-sectors of the
creative economy in
Semarang City are culinary (22.9%), music (20.8%), fashion (9.91%), crafts (9.2%), and product design.
(7.08 %). Meanwhile, other
sub-sectors are still below 5%, such as Interior
Design, Visual Communication Design, Publishing, Architecture, Applications, Fine Arts, Television and Radio, Advertising, Photography, Performing Arts, and Game Developers.
Table 1. Number of Creative Economy
Actors in 2021 based on the data from
the Economic Committee of Semarang City and the Economic
sub-sector Coordinator of Semarang City
|
No |
Type
of Business |
Total
actors |
Percentage (%) |
|
1 |
Advertising |
13 |
0.19 |
|
2 |
Architecture |
16 |
0.23 |
|
3 |
Product Design |
30 |
0.43 |
|
4 |
Craft |
127 |
1.83 |
|
5 |
Fashion |
81 |
1.17 |
|
6 |
Film, Animation,
and Video |
10 |
0.14 |
|
7 |
Publishing |
78 |
1.12 |
|
8 |
Game Developer |
10 |
0.14 |
|
9 |
Culinary |
5.691 |
81.93 |
|
10 |
Music |
672 |
9.67 |
|
11 |
Interior Design |
17 |
0.24 |
|
12 |
Visual Communication
Design |
17 |
0.24 |
|
13 |
Television and
Radio |
30 |
0.43 |
|
14 |
Photography |
17 |
0.24 |
|
15 |
Performing Arts |
114 |
1.64 |
|
16 |
Arts |
11 |
0.16 |
|
17 |
Applications |
12 |
0.17 |
|
|
Total |
6946 |
100% |
|
|
|
|
|
Source: Economic
Committee of Semarang City and Economic sub-sector Coordinator of Semarang City
Structural Model Design Results
Description of
the latent variables and their
manifest variables are as follows:
1.
The
exogenous latent variable of Academician (X1) has eight manifest variables
(indicators), namely training (X11), materials (X12), mentoring (X13), skills
(X14), innovation (X15), consultation (X16), service (X17 ),
progress (X18).
2.
The
exogenous latent variable of government (X2) has seven manifest variables
(indicators), namely licensing (X21), patents (X22), capital (X23), promotion
(X24), partnerships (X25), regulations (X26), assistance (X27).
3.
The
exogenous latent variable of the private sector (X3) has six manifest variables
(indicators), namely access (X31), business development (X32), involvement
(X33), marketing (X34), product development (X35), cooperation (X36)
4.
The
exogenous latent variable of Community/Society (X4) has seven manifest
variables (indicators), namely activity drivers (X41), objects and subjects
(X42), facilitation (X43), contribution of ideas (X44), self-quality (X45),
mastery of technology (X46), contribution of criticism & suggestions (X47).
5.
The
exogenous latent variable of Media (X5) has five manifest variables
(indicators), namely publication (X51), branding (X52), education (X53),
promotional media (X54), and marketing media (X55).
6.
The
exogenous latent variable of Human Capital (X6) has seven manifest variables
(indicators), namely education (X61), skills (X62), knowledge (X63), motivation
(X64), leadership (X65), innovation (X66), creativity ( X67).
7.
The
endogenous latent variable of Business Performance (Z) has seven manifest
variables (indicators), namely input costs (Z1), profits (Z2), work quality
(Z3), production (Z4), product innovation (Z5), risk minimization (Z6 ), goal achievement (Z7).
8.
The
endogenous latent variable of Competitive Advantage (Y) has seven manifest
variables (indicators), namely product price (Y1), product uniqueness (Y2),
technology mastery (Y3), human resource responsibility (Y4), sensitivity (Y5),
quality product (Y6), speed of product innovation (Y7
Based on the description of the manifest variables
(indicators) of each exogenous variable and endogenous variable, a structural
model can be designed as follows:
Source: Processed primary data output, 2021
Figure 2. Structural Model Design
Analysis of Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS)
Outer-Model Evaluation
Evaluation of the outer
model is carried out by measuring validity and reliability. Evaluation of the
validity of the measurement model, namely convergent validity and discriminant
validity. The reliability test in PLS is used to measure internal consistency,
one of the ways that can be used is to look at the composite reliability value.
Evaluation of convergent
validity is shown by the loading factor value. An indicator is said to be valid
if the loading correlation with the construct being measured has a value >
0.6. The table below shows the evaluation of convergent validity in this
research as follows:
Table
2. Output Result for Outer
Loading
|
Variable |
Indicator |
Loading Factor |
Explanation |
|
Penta Helix: Academician Government Private Sector Community Media |
X11 |
0.720 |
Valid |
|
X12 |
0.605 |
Valid |
|
|
X13 |
0.778 |
Valid |
|
|
X14 |
0.767 |
Valid |
|
|
X15 |
0.691 |
Valid |
|
|
X16 |
0.737 |
Valid |
|
|
X17 |
0.682 |
Valid |
|
|
X18 |
0.750 |
Valid |
|
|
X21 |
0.652 |
Valid |
|
|
X22 |
0.719 |
Valid |
|
|
X23 |
0.839 |
Valid |
|
|
X24 |
0.773 |
Valid |
|
|
X25 |
0.756 |
Valid |
|
|
X26 |
0.760 |
Valid |
|
|
X27 |
0.882 |
Valid |
|
|
X31 |
0.828 |
Valid |
|
|
X32 |
0.900 |
Valid |
|
|
X33 |
0.819 |
Valid |
|
|
X34 |
0.829 |
Valid |
|
|
X35 |
0.866 |
Valid |
|
|
X36 |
0.808 |
Valid |
|
|
X41 |
0.792 |
Valid |
|
|
X42 |
0.805 |
Valid |
|
|
X43 |
0.841 |
Valid |
|
|
X44 |
0.906 |
Valid |
|
|
X45 |
0.846 |
Valid |
|
|
X46 |
0.831 |
Valid |
|
|
X47 |
0.755 |
Valid |
|
|
X51 |
0.823 |
Valid |
|
|
X52 |
0.778 |
Valid |
|
|
X53 |
0.796 |
Valid |
|
|
X54 |
0.830 |
Valid |
|
|
X55 |
0.796 |
Valid |
|
|
Human Capital |
X61 |
0.688 |
Valid |
|
X62 |
0.849 |
Valid |
|
|
X63 |
0.826 |
Valid |
|
|
X64 |
0.777 |
Valid |
|
|
X65 |
0.851 |
Valid |
|
|
X66 |
0.776 |
Valid |
|
|
X67 |
0.797 |
Valid |
|
|
Business
Performance |
Z1 |
0.817 |
Valid |
|
Z2 |
0.795 |
Valid |
|
|
Z3 |
0.862 |
Valid |
|
|
Z4 |
0.880 |
Valid |
|
|
Z5 |
0.876 |
Valid |
|
|
Z6 |
0.893 |
Valid |
|
|
Z7 |
0.816 |
Valid |
|
|
Competitive Advantage |
Y1 |
0.591 |
Valid |
|
Y2 |
0.724 |
Valid |
|
|
Y3 |
0.742 |
Valid |
|
|
Y4 |
0.815 |
Valid |
|
|
Y5 |
0.741 |
Valid |
|
|
Y6 |
0.867 |
Valid |
|
|
Y7 |
0.790 |
Valid |
Source: Processed
primary data output, 2021
Based on
table 2. it can be explained
that all indicators for each variable have
a loading factor value above 0.5 so it can
be concluded that all indicators
meet the requirements for convergent validity.
The reflective
indicators need to be tested
for discriminant validity by comparing
the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value of the
extracted average variance and the
correlation involving the latent variable.
The model has good discriminant
validity if the root AVE value
of each latent
variable is greater than the
correlation value between the latent
variable and other latent variables
in the model and it is recommended
that the AVE value should be
greater than 0.50 (Kock and Lyn, 2012).
Table 3. The Comparison
of AVE Values and Correlation Between Variables
Source: Processed
primary data output, 2021
Table 3. shows
that the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value of the average
variance extracted for each variable
is greater than 0.5, and the
correlation value between the latent
variable and other latent variables
in the model is greater, so it
can be concluded
that the discriminant validity in the model is met.
The next examination is measuring reliability.
This examination is carried out
to see the
construct internal consistency,
which is evaluated through Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability
values. The Cronbach's alpha and composite
reliability values obtained for all
latent variables are above 0.6, so it
is said to
be reliable.
Table
4. Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Test Results
|
Constructs |
Cronbach’s Alpha |
Explanation |
|
Academician (X1) |
0.935 |
Reliable |
|
Government (X2) |
0.922 |
Reliable |
|
Public Sector (X3) |
0.918 |
Reliable |
|
Community (X4) |
0.903 |
Reliable |
|
Media (X5) |
0.885 |
Reliable |
|
Human Capital (X6) |
0.866 |
Reliable |
|
Business Performance (Z) |
0.864 |
Reliable |
|
Competitive Advantage
(Y) |
0.863 |
Reliable |
Source: Processed
primary data output, 2021
Based on
table 4. It can be seen
that all constructs in the model have a Cronbach's Alpha value > 0.70, so it can
be concluded that all constructs
in the model are reliable.
Table
5. Combined Reliability Test Results (Composite
Reliability)
|
Construct |
Cronbach’s Alpha |
Explanation |
|
Academician (X1) |
0.935 |
Reliable |
|
Government (X2) |
0.922 |
Reliable |
|
Public Sector (X3) |
0.918 |
Reliable |
|
Community (X4) |
0.903 |
Reliable |
|
Media (X5) |
0.885 |
Reliable |
|
Human Capital (X6) |
0.866 |
Reliable |
|
Business Performance (Z) |
0.864 |
Reliable |
|
Competitive Advantage
(Y) |
0.863 |
Reliable |
Source: Processed
primary data output, 2021
Based on
table 5. it can be seen
that all constructs in the model have composite reliability values > 0.70 so it can
be concluded that all indicators
in the variables are reliable.
Inner-Model Evaluation
Evaluation of
the structural model in SEM
with PLS is carried out by
conducting the R-squared (R2), Goodness of Fit (Gof) test,
and significance test by estimating
the path coefficient.
Table 6. The
result of the R-Square (R2) Test
|
Construct |
R-Square |
R-Square Adjusted |
|
Competitive Advantage
(Y) |
0.592 |
0.561 |
|
Business Performance
(Z) |
0.576 |
0.549 |
Source: Processed
primary data output, 2021
Based on
Table 6, it can be seen
that the R-Square value for
the competitive advantage variable shows a value of
0.592. This value indicates that academician, government, private sector, community, media, human capital, and business performance
variables affect competitive advantage by 59.2%. This value shows that
the model in this study falls within the
moderate criteria because the value
of 0.592 ranges from the value
of 0.33.
PLS Path Modeling analysis can identify global optimization criteria to determine the
Goodness of Fit index. The Goodness of Fit or GoF
index was developed by Tenehause
et al. (2004) and is used
to evaluate measurement models and structural models, as well as provide a simple measurement of the overall model predictions. The Gof value criteria are 0.10, 0.25, and 0.36 which indicate that GoF
Small, Gof Medium, and GoF Large
(Ghozali and Latan, 2015).
The Gof value in this research model can be seen
in Table 7. as follows:
Table
7. The result of the Goodness of Fit (GoF) Test
|
Constructs |
R-Square |
Communality |
|
Academician (X1) |
- |
0.516 |
|
Government (X2) |
- |
0.596 |
|
Public Sector (X3) |
- |
0.710 |
|
Community (X4) |
- |
0.683 |
|
Media (X5) |
- |
0.648 |
|
Human Capital (X6) |
- |
0.634 |
|
Business Performance (Z) |
0.576 |
0.558 |
|
Competitive Advantage
(Y) |
0.592 |
0.721 |
|
Mean |
0.584 |
0.650 |
Source: Processed
primary data output, 2021
Based
on Table 7, the GoF value can be calculated using the square root of the
average communality index and average R-squares values (Ghozali and Latan,
2015) as follows:
𝐺𝑜𝐹 = √𝐶𝑜𝑚 𝑥 𝑅2
𝐺𝑜𝐹 = √0.650 𝑥 0.584
GoF = 0.616
Based on
the calculations above, a GoF value
of 0.616 can be obtained, so
it can be
concluded that the model in this research is included
in the GoF Large criteria. Next, a Significance
Test (Bootstraping) is carried out
to see whether
a hypothesis can be accepted or
rejected, which can be done
by paying attention to the
significance value between the t-statistic
constructs and p-values. With this
technique, measurement estimates and standard
errors are no longer calculated using statistical assumptions but are based on empirical
observations. In the bootstrap resampling method in this research, the significance
value used (two-tailed) t-value is 1.985 (significance level=5%) with the condition
that the t-statistic value must be greater
than 1.985. Hypothesis
testing using the SEM PLS method is carried
out by carrying
out a bootstrapping process with the
help of SmartPLS
3.3 software so that the relationship
between the effect of exogenous
variables on endogenous variables is obtained as follows:
Table 8. The Results of
Bootstrapping Calculation of Research Data
|
Hypothesis |
Construct |
Origin al Sampl e Estima te |
Sample Mean |
Standard Deviation |
t Statistic |
P- Values |
Explanation |
|
|
Direct Effect
Between Variables |
||||||||
|
H1a |
X1 Z |
0.257 |
0.070 |
0.129 |
1.993 |
0.044 |
Significant |
|
|
H1b |
X1 Y |
0.209 |
0.109 |
0.105 |
1.998 |
0.045 |
Significant |
|
|
H2a |
X2 Z |
0.224 |
0.033 |
0.107 |
2.099 |
0.023 |
Significant |
|
|
H2b |
X2 Y |
0.205 |
0.201 |
0.103 |
1.994 |
0.049 |
Significant |
|
|
H3a |
X3 Z |
0.038 |
0.046 |
0.143 |
0.265 |
0.791 |
Insignificant |
|
|
H3b |
X3 Y |
0.283 |
0.280 |
0.142 |
2.002 |
0.046 |
Significant |
|
|
H4a |
X4 Z |
0.087 |
0.098 |
0.141 |
0.613 |
0.540 |
Insignificant |
|
|
H4b |
X4 Y |
0.315 |
0.038 |
0.148 |
2.131 |
0.041 |
Significant |
|
|
H5a |
X5 Z |
0.216 |
0.204 |
0.122 |
1.775 |
0.077 |
Insignificant |
|
|
H5b |
X5 Y |
0.295 |
0.296 |
0.113 |
2.610 |
0.009 |
Significant |
|
|
H6a |
X6 Z |
0.341 |
0.344 |
0.107 |
3.181 |
0.002 |
Significant |
|
|
H6b |
X6 Y |
0.172 |
0.183 |
0.123 |
1.401 |
0.162 |
Insignificant |
|
|
H7 |
Z Y |
0.278 |
0.280 |
0.101 |
2.749 |
0.006 |
Significant |
|
|
Indirect Effect
Between Variables |
||||||||
|
H8 |
X1 Z Y |
0.063 |
0.030 |
0.031 |
2.023 |
0.032 |
Significant |
|
|
H9 |
X2 Z Y |
0.078 |
0.055 |
0.036 |
2.157 |
0.020 |
Significant |
|
|
H10 |
X3 Z Y |
0.109 |
0.079 |
0.054 |
2.011 |
0.047 |
Significant |
|
|
H11 |
X4 Z Y |
0.058 |
0.029 |
0.044 |
1.310 |
0.257 |
Insignificant |
|
|
H12 |
X5 Z Y |
0.092 |
0.083 |
0.046 |
1.999 |
0.048 |
Significant |
|
|
H13 |
X6 Z Y |
0.096 |
0.054 |
0.044 |
2.178 |
0.027 |
Significant |
|
Source: Processed
primary data output, 2021
Based on table 8. then a hypothesis test can be carried
out as follows:
Direct Effect Between Variables
H1a: Academicians have a significant effect on the
performance of creative economy businesses in Semarang City
Based on
the estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of the
effect of academician (X1) on business performance (Z) is 1.993 > 1.985 (t count) and the p-value
is 0.044 < 0.05 (alpha
5%) so it can be concluded
that H1a is accepted. This means that academicians
have a significant effect on the
performance of creative economy businesses in Semarang City. The original
sample estimate value shows a figure
of 0.257, which shows that the
relationship between academician and business performance variables has a positive direction.
H1b: Academicians
have a significant effect on the competitive advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City
Based on the
estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of the effect
of academician (X1) on competitive advantage (Y) is 1.998 > 1.985
(t count) and the p-value is
0.045 < 0.05 (alpha 5%) so
it can be
concluded that H1b is accepted. This
means that academicians have a significant effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City. The original sample
estimate value shows a figure of 0.209, which shows that the
relationship between academician and competitive advantage variables has a positive direction.
H2a: The
government has a significant effect on the performance of creative economy
businesses in Semarang City
Based on
the estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of government
effect (X2) on business performance (Z) is 2.099 > 1.985 (t count) and the p-value
is 0.023 < 0.05 (alpha
5%) so it can be concluded
that H2a is accepted. This means that the
government has a significant
effect on the performance of creative economy
businesses in Semarang City. The original
sample estimate value shows a figure
of 0.224, which shows that the
relationship between government and business performance variables has a positive direction.
H2b: The government has a significant
effect on the competitive advantage of the creative economy in Semarang City
Based on the
estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of government effect
(X2) on advantage (Y) is 1.994 > 1.985 (t count) and the p-value
is 0.049 < 0.05 (alpha
5%) so it can be concluded
that H2b is accepted which means the government
has a significant effect on the advantage
of the creative
economy in Semarang City. The original
sample estimate value shows a figure
of 0.205, which shows that the
relationship between government and advantage variables has a positive direction.
H3a: The private sector has a significant effect on the
performance of creative economy businesses in Semarang City
Based on
the estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of private
sector effect (X3) on business performance
(Z) is 0.265 < 1.985 (t count)
and the p-value is 0.791 > 0.05 (alpha 5%) so it
can be concluded
that H3a is rejected. This means that the
private sector does not have a significant effect on the performance
of creative economy businesses in Semarang
City. The original sample estimate value shows a figure of 0.038, which shows that the
relationship between the private sector
and business performance variables has a positive direction.
H3b: The private sector has a
significant effect on the competitive advantage of the creative economy in
Semarang City
Based on the
estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of private sector
effect (X3) on competitive advantage (Y) is 0.2002 > 1.985 (t count) and the p-value
is 0.046 < 0.05 (alpha
5%) so it can be concluded
that H3b accepted, which means the
private sector has a significant effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City. The original sample
estimate value shows a figure of 0.283, which shows that the
relationship between the private sector
and competitive advantage variables has a positive direction.
H4a: Community
has a significant effect on the performance of creative economy businesses in
Semarang City
Based on
the estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of community
effect (X4) on business performance (Z) is 0.613 < 1.985 (t count) and the p-value
is 0.791 > 0.05 (alpha
5%) so it can be concluded
that H4a is rejected. This means that the
community does not have a significant effect on the
performance of creative economy businesses in Semarang City. The original
sample estimate value shows a figure
of 0.087, which shows that the
relationship between community and business
performance variables has a
positive direction.
H4b: Community
has a significant effect on the competitive advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City
Based on the
estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of community effect
(X4) on competitive advantage (Y) is 2.131 > 1.985
(t count) and the p-value is
0.041 < 0.05 (alpha 5%) so
it can be
concluded that H4b is accepted. This
means that the community has a significant effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City. The original sample
estimate value shows a figure of 0.315, which shows that the
relationship between community and competitive
advantage variables has a positive direction.
H5a: Media has a significant effect on the performance
of creative economy businesses in Semarang City
Based on the
estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of media effect (X5) on business performance
(Z) is 1.775 < 1.985 (t count)
and the p-value is 0.077 > 0.05 (alpha 5%) so it
can be concluded
that H5a is rejected. This means that media does not have a significant effect on the performance
of creative economy businesses in Semarang
City. The original sample estimate value shows a figure of 0.216, which shows that the
relationship between media and business performance
variables has a positive direction.
H5b: Media has a significant effect
on the competitive advantage of the creative economy in Semarang City
Based on the
estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of media effect (X5) on competitive advantage (Y) is 2.610 > 1.985
(t count) and the p-value is
0.009 < 0.05 (alpha 5%) so
it can be
concluded that H5b is accepted. This
means that media has a significant effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City. The original sample
estimate value shows a figure of 0.295, which shows that the
relationship between media and competitive advantage variables has a positive direction.
H6a: Human capital has a significant effect on the
performance of creative economy businesses in Semarang City
Based on the
estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of the effect
of human capital (X6) on business performance
(Z) is 3.181 > 1.985 (t count)
and the p-value is 0.002 < 0.05 (alpha 5%) so it
can be concluded
that H6a is accepted which means that human capital has a significant effect on the
performance of creative economy businesses in Semarang City. The original
sample estimate value shows a figure
of 0.341, which shows that the
relationship between human capital and business
performance variables has a
positive direction.
H6b: Human capital has a significant
effect on the competitive advantage of the creative economy in Semarang City
Based on the
estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of the effect
of human capital (X6) on competitive advantage (Y) is 1.401 < 1.985
(t count) and the p-value is
0.162 > 0.05 (alpha 5%) so
it can be
concluded that H6b is rejected which
means that human capital does not have a significant effect on the
competitive advantage of the creative
economy in Semarang City. The original
sample estimate value shows a figure
of 0.172, which shows that the
relationship between human capital and competitive
advantage variables has a positive direction.
H7:
Business performance has a significant effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy in Semarang City
Based on the
estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of the effect
of business performance (Z) on competitive advantage (Y) is 2.749 > 1.985 (t count) and the p-value
is 0.006 < 0.05 (alpha
5%) so it can be concluded
that H7 is accepted which means business performance has a significant effect on the
competitive advantage of the creative
economy in Semarang City. The original
sample estimate value shows a figure
of 0.278, which shows that the
relationship between business performance and competitive advantage variables has a positive direction.
Indirect
Effect Between Variables
H8: Academicians have a significant effect on the
competitive advantage of the creative economy in Semarang City through business
performance
Based on the
estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of the effect
of academician (X1) on competitive advantage (Y) through business performance (Z) is 2.023 > 1.985 (t count) and the p-value
is 0.032 < 0.05 (alpha
5%) so that it can be
concluded that H8 is accepted, which
means that academicians have a significant effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City through business
performance. The original sample estimate value shows a figure
of 0.063, which shows that the
relationship between academician and competitive advantage variables through business performance has a positive direction.
H9: The government has a significant effect on
the competitive advantage of the creative economy in Semarang City through
business performance
Based on
the estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of government
effect (X2) on competitive advantage (Y) through business performance (Z) is 2.157 >
1.985 (t count) and the p-value is
0.020 < 0.05 (alpha 5%) so
that it can
be concluded that H9 is accepted,
which means the government has a significant effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City through business
performance. The original sample estimate value shows a figure
of 0.078, which shows that the
relationship between government and competitive advantage variables through business performance has a positive direction.
H10: The private sector has a significant effect on the
competitive advantage of the creative economy in Semarang City through business
performance
Based on the
estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of private sector
effect (X3) on competitive advantage (Y) through business performance (Z) is 2.011 >
1.985 (t count) and the p-value is
0.047 < 0.05 (alpha 5%) so
that it can
be concluded that H10 is accepted,
which means the private sector
has a significant effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City through business
performance. The original sample estimate value shows a figure
of 0.109, which shows that the
relationship between the private sector
and competitive advantage variables through business performance has a positive direction.
H11: Community has a significant effect on the
competitive advantage of the creative economy in Semarang City through business
performance
Based on
the estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of community
effect (X4) on competitive advantage (Y) through business performance (Z) is 1.310 <
1.985 (t count) and the p-value is
0.257 > 0.05 (alpha 5%) so
that it can
be concluded that H11 is rejected,
which means that community does not have a significant effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City through business
performance. The original sample estimate value shows a figure
of 0.058, which shows that the
relationship between community and competitive
advantage variables through business performance has a positive direction.
H12: Media has a significant effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy in Semarang City through business performance
Based on
the estimation result of SEM PLS, the t-statistic value of media effect (X5) on competitive advantage (Y) through business performance (Z) is 1.999 >
1.985 (t count) and the p-value is
0.048 < 0.05 (alpha 5%) so
that it can
be concluded that H12 is accepted,
which means the media has a significant effect on the
competitive advantage of the creative
economy in Semarang City through
business performance. The original sample estimate value shows a figure of 0.092, which shows that the
relationship between media and competitive advantage variables through business performance has a positive direction.
H13: Human capital has a significant
effect on the competitive advantage of the creative economy in Semarang City
through business performance
Based on the estimation result of SEM
PLS, the t-statistic value of the effect of human capital (X6) on competitive
advantage (Y) through business performance (Z) is 2.178 > 1.985 (t count)
and the p-value is 0.027 < 0.05 (alpha 5%) so it can be concluded that H13
is accepted, which means that human capital has a significant effect on the
competitive advantage of the creative economy in Semarang City through business
performance. The original sample estimate value shows a figure of 0.096, which
shows that the relationship between human capital and competitive advantage
variables through business performance has a positive direction.
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CONCLUSION
The creative industry in Semarang City continues
to experience significant development. Of the 17 subsectors,
Semarang City has five main Creative
Economy subsectors, namely culinary (22.9%), music
(20.8%), product design
(7.08%), fashion (9.91%), and
crafts. (9.2 %). Three mainstay subsectors such as culinary, crafts, and fashion
are still very promising because the demand is
still high. The music subsector has great potential for development
because there are many communities or actors. Meanwhile,
other sub-sectors are still below 5%, such as Interior Design, Visual Communication
Design, Publishing, Architecture,
Applications, Fine Arts, Television and Radio, Advertising, Photography, Performing Arts, and Game Developers.
Based on the PLS test
results, the factors that affect
the development of an inclusive
and sustainable creative economy in Semarang City
are divided into 2, which are
Direct Effects
of Penta helix on economic business
performance and competitive advantage of the creative
economy in Semarang City;
Academician, Significant and positive effect on the performance
of creative economy businesses in Semarang
City; Significant and positive effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City. Government, Significant
and positive effect on the
performance of creative economy businesses in Semarang City; Significant
and positive effect on the
competitive advantage of the creative
economy in Semarang City. Private
Sector, Has no effect, but has a positive direction on the performance
of creative economy businesses in Semarang
City. Significant and positive effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City. Community, Has no
effect, but has a positive direction on the performance
of creative economy businesses in Semarang
City; Significant and positive effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City. Media, Has no effect,
but has a positive direction on the
performance of creative economy businesses in Semarang City; Significant
and positive effect on the
competitive advantage of the creative
economy in Semarang City. Human Capital, Significant and positive effect on the performance
of creative economy businesses in Semarang
City; Has no effect, but has a positive direction on the
performance of creative economy businesses in Semarang City.
Indirect Effect Between Variables can be
seen from the indirect effect
of Penta helix on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City through business
performance as follows: Academician has a significant and positive effect
on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City through business
performance. The government
has a significant and positive effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City through business
performance. The private sector has a significant and positive effect
on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City through business
performance. The community does not have a significant effect but has a positive direction on the
competitive advantage of the creative
economy in Semarang City through
business performance. The
media has a significant and
positive effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City through business
performance. Human capital
has a significant and positive effect on the competitive
advantage of the creative economy
in Semarang City through business
performance.
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Copyright holder: Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika Prajanti, Subiyanto, Talitha Widiatningrum (2023) |
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First publication right: Journal
Transnational Universal Studies (JTUS) |
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