JTUS, Vol. 02, No. 8 August 2024
E-ISSN: 2984-7435, P-ISSN: 2984-7427
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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58631/jtus.v2i8.114 |
Growth and Yield Response of Several Zucchini
(Cucurbita Pepo L) Varieties to Auxin Application
in The Midland in Tropical Area
E.
Fidiyawati1*, Budi Waluyo2, Eko
Widaryanto3
1,2,3University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
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Abstract Zucchini
(Cucurbita pepo L.) is a short-lived vegetable plant with a harvest period
ranging from 28 to 60 days after planting. It offers health benefits and has
the potential for development in Indonesia, although it faces challenges,
particularly because it thrives better in highland areas. This research aims
to identify adaptive zucchini varieties for medium-altitude areas and
evaluate the effect of auxin (IAA) on the growth and yield of zucchini in
these regions. The study employed a split-plot design, with the main plots
being varieties (P1, P2, P3) and the subplots being auxin concentrations (A0,
A50, A100, A150 ppm). Observed variables included plant length, leaf number,
stem diameter, leaf area, flowering age (male and female), number of flowers
(male and female), number of fruits per plant, fruit weight per plant, as
well as fruit length and diameter. The results indicated that the Carissa
variety adapted best, producing a fruit weight per plant of 1,067.40 g.
Additionally, auxin application increased the fruit weight per plant compared
to those without auxin. Keywords: Auxin;
Tropical area; Variety; Zucchini |
INTRODUCTION
Vegetable consumption in 2018 was
1.0414 kg per capita 1 week-1, increasing to 1.1209 kg per capita 1 week-1 in
2021, an increase of 7.63%
Efforts to increase zucchini production
in the medium plains that can be used are the use of adaptive varieties and
auxin as a growth regulator to increase zucchini fruit production in the medium
plains. Adaptive varieties will differ in each particular
growing environment
METHODS
The research was carried
out from October 2023 to May 2024 at Tawangargo
Village, Karangploso District, Malang
Regency, East Java. The
Divided Plot Design method was used with
two factors. The Main Plot is a variety consisting of Jacky Z-6 (P1), Balizu (P2), and Carisa (P3). Subplots are differences in IAA concentration with 4 levels,
namely: without PGR (A0),
IAA 50 ppm (A50), IAA 100 ppm (A100), and IAA 150 ppm (A150), and replicated 3
times. Observation variables include plant height at age, number of leaves,
stem diameter, leaf area, number
of female flowers,
number of male flowers, time when male flowers appear,
time when female flowers appear, fruit diameter, fruit length, and fruit
weight. The data obtained was analyzed. Using ANOVA, and if there were
significant differences, it would be tested further, using HSD 5%, using ms. Excel.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant growth
Zucchini is well adapted to tropical
areas in the highlands or according to its native growing environment.
Observation results show that plant length with 150 ppm IAA yields 36.79%
higher than other IAA concentrations at plant age. 30 HST (Table 1). This follows the statement from (Meena,
2021) that the auxin hormone works by stimulating certain types of proteins in
the plant's plasma membrane to pump ions H+ toward the cell wall and initiates
cell elongation under conditions of IAA stress
on Cucurbitaceae. In branch
formation, the role of
auxin in cucurbitacea is
in regulating branching shoots through transporter genes.
Table 1. Plante height,
number of leaves,
and stem diameter
of zucchini varieties
and IAA concentration
|
|
Plant height (cm) |
|
Number of
leaves |
|
Stem diameter (cm) |
|
||||||
|
Treatments |
10 |
20 |
30 |
40 |
10 |
20 |
30 |
40 |
10 |
20 |
30 |
40 |
|
DAP (days
after planting) |
||||||||||||
|
Varieties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P1 |
7,61 |
11,5 |
15,81 |
19,53 |
3,58 |
8,31 |
11,7 |
13,2 |
4,33 |
6,32 |
7,37 |
11,91 |
|
P2 |
8,67 |
12,9 |
16,26 |
20,67 |
4,03 |
7,81 |
11,3 |
13,6 |
4,54 |
6,65 |
7,21 |
12,17 |
|
P3 |
9,47 |
13,6 |
17,25 |
20,69 |
3,5 |
8,36 |
12 |
13,9 |
4,93 |
6,52 |
7,5 |
12,02 |
|
HSD (5%) |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
|
Concentration
of IAA |
||||||||||||
|
A0 |
7,67 |
11,5 |
14,00a |
18,74 |
3,48 |
8,07 |
11,1 |
12,9 |
4,17 |
6,09 |
6,63 |
11,77 |
|
A50 |
8,44 |
12,3 |
14,94ab |
20,04 |
3,52 |
8,11 |
11,3 |
12,4 |
4,59 |
6,32 |
7,68 |
12,05 |
|
A100 |
8,7 |
13,2 |
17,67ab |
21,19 |
3,78 |
8,33 |
11,9 |
14,4 |
4,67 |
6,7 |
7,65 |
12,38 |
|
A150 |
9,52 |
13,6 |
19,15b |
21,22 |
4,04 |
8,11 |
12,4 |
14,4 |
4,97 |
6,87 |
7,49 |
11,95 |
|
HSD (5%) |
ns |
ns |
4,97 |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
In higher
temperature conditions, auxin
also plays an important role in maintaining plant root growth. Cucurbitacea,
as in cucumbers and melons, stimulates the growth and development of lateral
and adventitious roots emerging from the stem and root tissue
Analysis of variance on leaf area
parameters did not show any interaction between variety and IAA concentration
on age 10, 20, 30, and 40 DAP. Separately, the variety of treatments did not show significant differences in mean leaf area at all ages.
On the other hand, the IAA concentration treatment
provided a significant difference in leaf area at age 20 and
30 DAP but did not provide a significant difference at age 10 and 40 DAP. The average leaf area
based on various treatments and IAA concentrations can be seen in Table 2.
Observation of the initial time for
male flowers to appear shows no difference in yield. The same thing happens to
the time when female flowers appear, where all varieties show the same time
when female flowers appear. The number of male flowers
also showed no difference
in yield. The number of female flowers showed different results, where the
female flowers of the P1 variety
were fewer than the P2 and P3 varieties. In the auxin treatment, the A0 treatment showed the lowest number of
female flowers compared to the other treatments. (Table 3).
Table 2. Leaf area of zucchini
varieties and IAA concentration
|
Treatments |
Leaf area (cm2 tan-1) at age (DAP) |
|
||
|
10 |
20 |
30 |
40 |
|
|
Varieties |
|
|
|
|
|
P1 |
287,6 |
1395, 7 |
2565 |
3025,1 |
|
P2 |
287 |
1373,4 |
2615,4 |
3293,5 |
|
P3 |
293,5 |
1327,3 |
2764,3 |
3238,8 |
|
HSD (5%) |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
|
Concentration of IAA |
||||
|
A0 |
275 |
1185,5 a |
1872,2 a |
2860 |
|
A50 |
281,3 |
1222,9 ab |
2625,1 ab |
3159,7 |
|
A100 |
302,2 |
1467,8 ab |
2987,9 ab |
3262,6 |
|
A150 |
299,2 |
1585,6 b |
3107,8 b |
3461 |
|
HSD (5%) |
ns |
391,1 |
824,9 |
ns |
Table 3. Number
of male and female flowers,
time of male and female
flowers of zucchini varieties, and IAA concentration
|
treatments |
number of flowers plant-1) |
(flower |
time to flower
(D |
AP) |
|
|
male |
female |
male |
female |
|
Varieties |
|
|
|
|
|
P1 |
10,44 |
3,70 a |
30,08 |
26,91 |
|
P2 |
9,82 |
4,17 b |
31,03 |
28,76 |
|
P3 |
10,07 |
4,72 b |
30,72 |
27,75 |
|
HSD (5%) |
tn |
0,824 |
tn |
tn |
|
Concentration of IAA |
||||
|
A0 |
9,63 |
2,40 a |
31,41 |
29,41 |
|
A50 |
10,19 |
4,65 b |
30,44 |
27,54 |
|
A100 |
10,22 |
4,91 b |
30,59 |
26,76 |
|
A150 |
10,41 |
4,52 b |
30 |
27,52 |
|
HSD (5%) |
tn |
1,245 |
tn |
tn |
An increase in environmental
temperature in the middle plains causes plants to experience stress, which
disrupts plant growth. High temperatures can cause heat damage due to ROS
production and negatively impact plant growth and, as a
consequence, cucumber yields
The effect of auxin on leaf enlargement
has been reported several times
The number of female flowers
showed different results, where the female
flowers of the P1 variety were fewer than the P2 and
P3 varieties. In the auxin treatment, the A0 treatment showed the least number
of female flowers compared to the other treatments. (Table 3). This is influenced by genetics and the variety's adaptation to its growing environment, as well as the
application of growth hormones. Different genetic factors in zucchini varieties
can cause different processes in the growth and development of plant cells,
including organ formation, such as the number of flowers produced.
Previous research on tomato plants was carried out by
Yield
The yield and quality of zucchini are
influenced by environmental and genetic factors. The zucchini varieties that
have been released in Indonesia are still very limited and are only suitable for planting in the highlands, so cultivation strategies need to be implemented, one of which is by
plant growth regulator, namely auxin. Every plant growth regulator will form
various growth and morphogenetic responses that are pleitropic to its impact. Auxin is
involved in various growth responses, such as apical dominance, cell division
and growth, organic responses, fruit setting, and stimulatory responses
The number of female flowers is correlated with plant
production, if the number of female flowers is greater, the yield obtained will
also be higher. The results showed that the number of female flowers
formed differed between
varieties, as did the auxin
treatment (IAA) treatment A0 (without IAA) gave the lowest results
compared to the others, this illustrates that auxin can increase the number of female flowers.
Previous research reported
that genetic factors and ethylene are ways to increase female
flowers in zucchini
Table 4. Number of fruits, fruit
weight, fruit length,
fruit diameter of zucchini
varieties, and IAA
concentration
|
Treatments |
Number of
fruits (fruit plant-1) |
Fruit weight (g plant -1) |
Fruit weight (g) |
Fruit lenght (cm) |
Fruit diameter (cm) |
|
varieties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
P1 |
2,48 |
863,50 a |
337,74
b |
21,25
b |
5,03
a |
|
P2 |
2,85 |
837,50 a |
291,88
a |
18,02
a |
5,02
a |
|
P3 |
2,77 |
1067,40 b |
379,44
c |
20,78
b |
5,49
b |
|
CV % |
3,01 |
2,73 |
2,07 |
2,95 |
1,27 |
|
Concentration of IAA |
|||||
|
A0 |
2,20
a |
642,06 a |
281,36
a |
18,89 |
4,82
a |
|
A50 |
2,80
ab |
963,27 b |
343,24
b |
20,19 |
5,14
ab |
|
A100 |
2,85
ab |
1014,53 b |
356,88
b |
20,44 |
5,48
b |
|
A150 |
2,96
b |
1071,34 b |
363,94
b |
20,56 |
5,28
ab |
|
CV % |
6,03 |
6,43 |
3,21 |
3,59 |
2,91 |
Recent
research shows that an increase
in the number of female
flowers in Cucurbitacea is due to the administration of auxin ZPT through the mechanism of
increasing biosynthesis and the amount of endogenous ethylene
The three zucchini varieties planted
(P1, P2, and P3) have different phenotypic characteristics as genetic expressions that are the advantages of each variety.
The jacky variety (P1) is the variety most widely
planted in Indonesia because it is early maturing 18 – 21 DAP
in the highland; Bisi Zu (P2) has the advantage of
small fruit, while Carissa (P3) has the advantage of large fruit size. All
varieties are adaptive in the highlands or >800 mdpl.
The results of harvest observations showed that variety treatment did not
affect the number of fruit.plant-1, but has a significant effect on
fruit weight (g. plant-1), fruit weight (g), length and diameter of fruit. Meanwhile, IAA treatment had a
significant effect on the number of fruits.plant-1, fruit
weight (g. plant-1), fruit
weight (g), dan fruit diameter. So, the yield
of zucchini plants in the
midlands depends on the adaptive capacity of each variety or the application of
growth hormones.
CONCLUSION
The variety and concentration of auxin
(IAA) influence zucchini growth, yield, and quality in the midlands. Varieties
influence according to their genetic advantages, while the application of auxin causes
optimization of the plant's genetic
potential. The number of male zucchini flowers was
higher than that of female flowers, respectively, with 10.41 flowers tan-1
and 4.91 flowers
tan-1. The Carissa
variety adapted well,
with a fruit weight per plant of 1,067.40 g ton-1. Providing
auxin (IAA) increases the yield of fruit weight per plant by more than without
auxin.
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Copyright holder: E. Fidiyawati, Budi
Waluyo, Eko Widaryanto (2024) |
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First publication
right: Journal Transnational Universal Studies (JTUS) |
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