E-ISSN: 2984-7435, P-ISSN: 2984-7427
|
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58631/jtus.v2i9.127 |
Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar1*,
Janat Gul Zazia2
1Nangarhar
University, Afghanistan
2Paktia University, Afghanistan
|
Abstract Keywords: Rural Development,
Afghanistan, Sustainable Growth, Institutional Challenges, Socio-Cultural
Barriers, Economic Barriers. |
INTRODUCTION
The development of rural areas is a cornerstone
for achieving sustainable national growth, particularly in countries like
Afghanistan, where a significant majority of the population resides in rural
regions. Approximately 71% of Afghanistan's population lives in rural areas,
predominantly engaged in agriculture, which forms the backbone of the country�s
economy
Rural development in
Afghanistan has historically been undermined by a series of complex and
interrelated factors. Decades of armed conflict, political instability, and
weak governance structures have severely disrupted the social and economic
fabric of rural communities. The lack of adequate infrastructure, including
roads, schools, healthcare facilities, and energy access, further exacerbates
these challenges, leaving rural populations isolated and deprived of basic
services. Additionally, Afghanistan's rural economy is characterized by low
agricultural productivity, which is largely due to outdated farming practices,
insufficient access to modern agricultural technologies, and a lack of
institutional support
However, the current body
of research on rural development in Afghanistan is limited, particularly in
terms of empirical studies that explore the practical implementation of
development strategies. Much of the existing literature focuses on theoretical
frameworks without adequately addressing the on-the-ground realities faced by
rural communities. This study seeks to bridge this gap by providing a
comprehensive analysis of the institutional, socio-cultural, economic,
environmental, and infrastructural barriers to rural development in
Afghanistan.
This paper is structured
as follows: Section 2 provides a review of the existing literature on rural
development challenges in Afghanistan and comparable contexts. Section 3
outlines the research methodology, detailing the document analysis and critical
review methods employed in this study. Section 4 presents the key findings,
discussing the major obstacles to rural development in Afghanistan and their
implications for policy and practice. Finally, Section 5 concludes with a set
of recommendations aimed at policymakers, development practitioners, and other
stakeholders involved in rural development, emphasizing the need for
coordinated and community-driven approaches to overcome these challenges.
This type of development
is aimed at all economic, social, environmental, and political dimensions.
Thus, the question arises: What are the challenges, constraints, issues, and
barriers to rural development in Afghanistan?
The innovation of this
research lies in its comprehensive theoretical approach to identifying and
critiquing the multifaceted challenges to rural development in Afghanistan. By
focusing on institutional, socio-cultural, economic, environmental, and physical
infrastructure challenges, the study provides a holistic understanding of the
barriers that hinder rural development in the country. The research
methodology, which includes document analysis, critical review, and literature
review, offers a robust framework for analyzing these challenges. The study's
findings underscore the need for a coordinated and inclusive approach to rural
development that involves effective planning, community participation,
investment in infrastructure, and sustainable agricultural practices. This
research contributes to the body of knowledge on rural development by
highlighting the interconnectedness of the various challenges faced by rural
communities in Afghanistan and by suggesting strategic interventions for
overcoming these obstacles.
The study of rural
development challenges in Afghanistan, while comprehensive in its theoretical
approach, reveals several gaps in the current research landscape. These gaps
highlight the necessity for future research endeavors to delve into the
practical manifestations of these challenges and to empirically validate the
theoretical findings. Specifically, there is a lack of empirical studies that
directly engage with rural communities to understand the on-the-ground
realities of development challenges. Additionally, the study calls for in-depth
case studies of specific villages or regions to capture the nuances of rural
development in varied contexts within Afghanistan.
Based on the above
background, the objective of this study is to comprehensively identify and
analyze the challenges hindering rural development in Afghanistan. The research
aims to provide in-depth insights into the institutional, socio-cultural,
economic, environmental, as well as physical infrastructure constraints faced
by rural communities in Afghanistan, focusing on how these factors are
interrelated in impeding sustainable development. The benefits of this research
are expected to contribute significantly to the development of rural
development theory and practice, particularly in Afghanistan. First, this
research will make an academic contribution in enriching the literature on
rural development with a more holistic perspective and based on the Afghan
context. Second, practically, the results of this research are expected to be
used as a basis for formulating more inclusive and effective policies, both by
the Afghan government and international organizations involved in rural
development efforts.
METHODS
This study
employs a theoretical approach to examine the multifaceted challenges of rural
development in Afghanistan. The research methodology is designed to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the institutional, socio-cultural, economic,
environmental, and infrastructural barriers that hinder rural development in
the country (Darojat,
2018). The following methods
were utilized to collect, analyze, and synthesize the relevant data:
1.
Document
Analysis: Document analysis forms the core of the research methodology,
enabling the systematic examination of existing documents and reports related
to rural development in Afghanistan. A wide range of sources, including
government publications, academic journals, conference proceedings, and reports
from international organizations, were reviewed to gather data on the current
state of rural development. This method allowed for the identification of key
challenges and the assessment of policy and practice in the context of rural
development.
2.
Critical
Review: A critical review of the literature was conducted to identify and
analyze the major challenges and barriers to rural development in Afghanistan.
This review focused on both qualitative and quantitative studies, offering a
broad perspective on the issues at hand. The critical review involved
evaluating the validity, reliability, and relevance of the selected studies,
with an emphasis on understanding the root causes and implications of the
identified challenges. This method was essential in synthesizing the findings
from various sources and providing a coherent analysis of the existing
knowledge base.
3.
Literature
Review: The literature review aimed to synthesize findings from previous
research on rural development in Afghanistan, particularly studies published in
recent years. This review included a comprehensive examination of theoretical
frameworks related to development and underdevelopment, as well as the
indicators of rural development such as poverty, unemployment, inequality, and
national income. By integrating insights from recent studies, the literature
review provided a foundation for understanding the complexities of rural
development in Afghanistan and informed the development of the study�s
theoretical framework.
4.
Theoretical
Framework: The study is grounded in a theoretical framework that draws on
various concepts and definitions of development, underdevelopment, and rural
development. The framework was constructed by analyzing key indicators such as
poverty, unemployment, inequality, and national income, which are critical to
understanding the state of rural development in Afghanistan. Additionally, the
framework incorporates sustainable development strategies, particularly those
relevant to the agricultural and food sectors, to propose a holistic approach
to addressing the challenges of rural development.
5.
Data
Analysis: Data analysis was conducted through a qualitative approach, wherein
the findings from the document analysis, critical review, and literature review
were synthesized to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and
barriers to rural development in Afghanistan. The analysis focused on
identifying patterns, trends, and relationships among the various factors
influencing rural development. The data were then categorized into key themes,
including institutional challenges, socio-cultural barriers, economic
constraints, environmental concerns, and infrastructural deficits.
6.
Limitations:
While this study provides a robust theoretical analysis of the challenges to
rural development in Afghanistan, it is important to acknowledge its
limitations. The study relies primarily on secondary data sources, which may
not fully capture the on-the-ground realities faced by rural communities.
Additionally, the lack of empirical data limits the ability to generalize the
findings to all rural areas in Afghanistan. Future research should consider
incorporating primary data collection methods, such as field surveys and
interviews, to complement the theoretical analysis presented in this study.
7.
Ethical
Considerations: This research adhered to ethical standards by ensuring that all
sources of information were properly cited and acknowledged. The study also
maintained a critical and unbiased perspective throughout the analysis,
ensuring that the findings are presented objectively and accurately.
The
methodology employed in this study includes a comprehensive review of existing
literature, alongside qualitative analyses of data sourced from government
reports and international organizations.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
General Information about
the Study Area
Ten referred
to as the "Heart of Asia." The capital of Afghanistan is Kabul.
Afghanistan shares borders with Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China,
Pakistan, and Iran. According to the estimated statistics of 2020,
Afghanistan's total population is approximately 32.9 million, of which 16.8
million (51%) are men and 16.1 million (49%) are women. About 23.4 million
people (71%) live in rural areas, 8 million (24.8%) in cities, and 1.5 million
(4.6%) are nomadic (NSIA, 2020).
Afghanistan
has a highly diverse climate, which allows the production of various
agricultural products. Grain production, particularly wheat, is a fundamental
crop, followed by vegetables and fruits. Livestock farming is an integral part
of agriculture and a primary activity for the rural community. However,
livestock farming is also widespread among nomadic and semi-nomadic people.
Afghanistan is recognized as an agricultural country in the region and the
world, and a significant portion of its exports consists of agricultural and
livestock products. Thus, agriculture holds a special place in the economic
structure of this country
Research Findings
It
is an undeniable necessity that specific challenges and obstacles to rural
development exist in every country. For example, the challenges in achieving
sustainable rural development in India include population growth, natural
resource degradation, environmental pollution, limited access to education,
youth unemployment, poor health due to lack of healthcare, and weak
infrastructure for receiving information. These challenges also include issues
related to globalization and livelihood problems. The following will focus on
the challenges of rural development in Afghanistan.
Challenges to Achieving
Rural Development in Afghanistan
Afghanistan
faces numerous challenges and obstacles in rural areas on the path to
sustainable development. To achieve rural development in Afghanistan, attention
must be paid to all economic, social, institutional, and environmental
dimensions. It is important to note that focusing on one structure while
neglecting others can lead to failure in the development process. Therefore, to
achieve sustainable development in general and rural development in particular,
these challenges and obstacles must be analyzed. This will draw the attention
of policymakers and planners to create suitable conditions for addressing these
obstacles with effective solutions and programs. Below are some of the most
significant barriers and fundamental challenges to rural development in
Afghanistan
Poverty:
Afghanistan is currently facing numerous problems. Millions of people live
below the poverty line and suffer from severe hunger. Low living standards and
widespread poverty, especially in rural areas, are the primary challenges to
the country's underdevelopment. The ongoing conflict for more than forty years
has exacerbated these issues. In Afghanistan, poverty inequality is more severe
in rural areas than in urban areas, and it is especially high among nomads.
Nomads rely on livestock herding and constantly search for grazing land. A
survey by the Central Statistics Organization of Afghanistan, conducted in 2016
and 2017, shows that more than 54% of Afghans live below the poverty line.
Poverty levels are 18% in cities, 61% in rural areas, and 89% among nomads. The
poverty rate in Afghanistan is extremely high, with more than 60% of rural and
nomadic populations living below the poverty line. Half of the country's
population earns less than one dollar a day, and the main source of income for
rural inhabitants and small-scale farmers is subsistence production. According
to statistics, most of the country's wealth is concentrated in the hands of
less than 30% of the population, while over 70% of the people are poor or live
below the poverty line. Additionally, wealthy individuals often transfer or
invest their capital outside the country, which poses a significant threat to
the country's economic growth and development. People living in rural areas of
Afghanistan face challenges such as low agricultural productivity, limited
technical knowledge and skills among farmers, inadequate service provision, and
inefficient resource use, all of which contribute to increased poverty
Rural Roads:
Afghanistan's rural roads face two major issues: mountainous terrain and damage
from decades of war. Of the roughly 40,000 villages across Afghanistan, more
than 40% have dirt roads, and only about 38% have access to proper roads.
Unemployment:
In 2020, the labor force participation rate for men was 68.4%, while for women
it was 16.5%, reflecting the lower employment rate among women compared to men.
The unemployment rate among youth in rural areas was 29.6% in 2016 and dropped
to 22.3% in 2020. Unemployment is a significant and fundamental problem for
rural residents in Afghanistan, contributing to increased migration from rural
to urban areas and further exacerbating urban problems
Low
Productivity: Today, agricultural development is key to improving welfare in
many developing countries. Approximately 71% of Afghanistan's population lives
and works in rural areas, and 61% of households derive income from agriculture.
Agriculture is a major component of rural development in Afghanistan and can
play a crucial role in reducing poverty and promoting sustainable growth
through job creation, productivity improvement, and inclusivity. However,
several challenges affect the low productivity of the agricultural sector,
including management challenges, water scarcity, and traditional usage, lack of
medicine, materials, and chemical fertilizers, land fragmentation due to
inheritance laws, difficulties in preserving natural resources, particularly
deforestation, lack of equipped laboratories for pest detection, limited
support programs for production, and rural self-sufficiency, as well as land
grabbing of government and private properties
High
Population Growth: Afghanistan's population growth rate is high, and neither
new technology adoption nor scientific research to enhance agricultural
products and domestic production are evident. The continuous 2.4% population
growth rate in the long term is a cause for serious concern, as most poor
families have many children, which exacerbates economic inequalities. The
average population growth rate in Afghanistan during the mentioned period was
3.15%, and it has never experienced a rate below 2%. It is predicted that
Afghanistan's population growth rate, particularly in rural areas, will remain
constant over the coming decades. The rapidly growing population increases
pressure on the country's resources, service delivery, and labor market, which
is already affected by a lack of sustainable jobs
Education: In
Afghanistan, rural residents have limited access to basic amenities compared to
urban dwellers. For instance, in education, due to security threats, a lack of
educational facilities, and teachers, particularly female teachers, more than
42% (5 million) of eligible children do not have access to education. Six
thousand schools lack buildings and other essential facilities, and hundreds of
schools are located far from residential areas
The
literacy rate in Afghanistan among men (aged 15 and above) is 62%, while among
women it is 18%. In this country, only one in five women is literate, and the
literacy rate for women in rural areas is three times lower than in urban
areas. The Ministry of Education in Afghanistan faces a shortage of
professional teachers, with more than 40% of school teachers being
non-professional, representing a major challenge for the country's education
system. The current curriculum does not meet Afghanistan's needs, and other
significant challenges, especially in rural areas, include a lack of textbooks,
desks, chairs, and school buildings. Not all regions are capable of providing
equal education
Figure 1. Conceptual Map
of Rural Development Challenges in Afghanistan
This mind map
illustrates the major categories and their specific challenges, providing a
clear overview of the issues facing rural development in Afghanistan.
Challenges in Management,
Regulation, and Planning (Policy-making)
One of the
significant challenges in rural development in Afghanistan is planning and
management, which lack a foundational and basic theory. The planning system in
Afghanistan has consistently been characterized by a top-down approach and a
high degree of centralization. This perspective, combined with maximum
government intervention in rural development, has led to the exclusion of
community participation, local institutions, and non-governmental organizations
from the development process. This exclusion has resulted in a lack of
coordination in planning and service delivery, increased costs, wasted human,
financial, and social capital, and ultimately, the creation of gaps and dissatisfaction
among the rural population. The consequences of these shared characteristics
across rural areas include the perpetuation of inequality in the distribution
of opportunities, resources, and benefits between urban and rural areas, and
the vulnerability of the rural socio-economic system despite positive efforts
in the field of rural infrastructure development
Researchers
have identified the following as the main challenges related to management and
planning for rural development in Afghanistan:
1)
Lack
of a coherent strategy for sustainable rural development.
2)
Politicization
of rural development and lack of accountability.
3)
Theoretical
weaknesses and the absence of a suitable practical model for rural development.
4)
Lack
of coordination in rural development programs in planning, implementation, and
evaluation.
5)
Weak
management within governmental structures.
6)
Lack
of an independent oversight institution and a specific organization for rural
development.
7)
Centralized
planning and decision-making system for rural development.
8)
Interference
by various government organizations in rural development programs.
9)
Minimal
community participation in the implementation and support of rural development
projects.
10)
Lack
of involvement of NGOs and local private sector institutions in planning and
executing rural development projects.
11)
Insufficient
attention to sustainable rural development.
12)
Weak
communication between local communities and the government.
13)
Lack
of spatial planning to support local economic growth.
Additionally,
Savory and Ebrahimi, in their research, examined the barriers to rural
development from the perspective of experts and pointed out issues such as
price fluctuations of agricultural products, instability in agricultural
prices, policy issues in pricing, neglect of the market for agricultural
products, and the lack of a comprehensive market-based program as weaknesses in
government policy-making
Another
challenge is the lack of cooperation with global institutions. Global reports
indicate that Afghanistan is among the countries that make the least use of
foreign credits and assistance. Consequently, the global share of Afghanistan's
agricultural sector and rural communities does not match their needs and
capacities. The grand objectives of establishing connections and leveraging
cooperation with global institutions could be twofold: on the one hand, to seek
resources and knowledge not available or sufficiently developed within the
country, and on the other, to offer resources and knowledge developed within
the country for the benefit of other countries. Afghanistan�s rural development
and agricultural sector should consider and pursue both of these goals
1.
Technical,
which could involve receiving and applying tools and methods.
2.
Educational,
which could be for the direct learning of beneficiaries and educators.
3.
Research,
which could be aimed at understanding and solving problems using the knowledge
and expertise of others, involving research institutions, universities, and
consulting engineers.
4.
Financial,
including grants, loans, investments, and partnerships.
In the
absence of international cooperation, the above opportunities for rural
development in Afghanistan will not be accessible
Social Challenges
The major
social challenges of rural development in Afghanistan are as follows:
a)
Increased
migration of rural populations to urban areas and insufficient population
thresholds for many rural settlements, leading to the aging of rural
communities: An analysis of the country's demographic data over the past
half-century reveals that population growth in Afghanistan has been primarily
focused on urban areas, with rural populations not increasing or even
experiencing negative growth in some areas. In some cases, villages have been
abandoned and turned into deserted areas
b)
The
major causes for the population shift from rural to urban areas include
rural-to-urban migration, the conversion of many villages into towns, and the
integration of some villages into urban development areas. Migration from rural
areas to cities is one of the main reasons for the aging of the rural
population in Afghanistan. Despite the country's young population, migration
plays a significant role in rural population aging. Additionally, the return of
older migrants from urban areas to rural areas after spending their middle
years in cities has contributed to the aging of the rural population.
1)
High
population growth rates in rural areas.
2)
Lack
of entrepreneurship and creativity among rural populations.
3)
Lack
of institutional and social capacity-building in rural communities.
4)
Cultural
and traditional barriers are prevalent in rural areas.
5)
Limited
participation and local collaboration (among farmers).
6)
Low
levels of education and computer illiteracy in rural communities.
7)
Lack
of precise and accurate understanding among rural communities of their needs
and rights, and neglect of indigenous knowledge.
8)
Limited
job opportunities and high unemployment among rural people and youth.
9)
Lack
of awareness among rural populations about methods and principles for achieving
sustainable development.
10)
The
dominance of unskilled labor in rural economic activities.
11)
Limited
access to welfare services (inequality and imbalance in the provision of
economic and social amenities between rural and urban areas).
12)
Low
self-confidence among rural residents.
13)
Distrust
between rural people and government officials
Economic Challenges
Researchers
have identified the major economic challenges in rural development in
Afghanistan as follows:
1)
Ineffective
cooperation and micro-economy in rural areas.
2)
Rural
development programs that are unaligned with international economic issues.
3)
Weak
participation of the private sector in rural development activities.
4)
Rural
poverty.
5)
Limited
access to agricultural markets and challenges in marketing.
6)
Inadequate
government investment in rural sectors and lack of financial support.
7)
Lack
of diversification in non-agricultural activities, such as tourism.
8)
Low
income levels.
9)
Lack
of commercialization of agricultural products.
10)
Challenges
in the mechanization of the agricultural sector.
11)
Low
productivity in the rural economy.
12)
Lack
of adequate infrastructure for developing rural industries.
13)
Unemployment
among rural youth.
14)
Insufficient
focus on rural entrepreneurship.
15)
Presence
of intermediaries in the sale of agricultural products.
16)
Weakness
in industry and a lack of new technologies for processing agricultural
products.
17)
Fragmentation
of agricultural lands.
18)
High
dispersion of rural population centers, with many being small and unstable.
19)
Lack
of capable and mobilizing non-governmental organizations to engage rural
communities in development.
20)
Unfavorable
land ownership and agricultural exploitation systems.
21)
Lack
of social cohesion among small-scale rural producers.
22)
Imbalanced
urban-rural relationships, leading to rural underdevelopment.
23)
Lack
of community organizations and institutions to participate in rural
development.
24)
Difficulty
in retaining populations in rural areas due to economic and social challenges.
25)
Rural
urbanization threatens rural development
There is also
a lack of attention to developing rural industries and utilizing solar energy
and biomass energy.
Environmental (Ecological)
Challenges
Environmental
protection is the most crucial element of sustainable development.
Environmental damage not only reduces the productivity of agricultural and
non-agricultural activities but also poses health risks for humans, animals,
and other forms of life. To ensure that economic and social progress is
sustainable and institutionalized, preventing environmental degradation is
paramount. Some of the environmental challenges facing rural development in
Afghanistan include:
1)
Conversion
of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses,
2)
Unfavorable
ecological conditions for sustainable rural development,
3)
Weak
management of natural disasters in rural areas, leading to reduced production
due to floods, droughts, and cold weather,
4)
The
imbalance between population and natural resources,
5)
Over-exploitation
of groundwater resources,
6)
Use
of inappropriate technology in agriculture and soil erosion,
7)
Sanitation
and wastewater pollution issues in villages,
8)
Overuse
of fertilizers,
9)
Overgrazing
of pastures,
10)
The
emergence of animal epidemics
Physical (Infrastructure) Challenges
The physical infrastructure
challenges hindering rural development in Afghanistan can be summarized as
follow
1)
Weakness
(proper infrastructure in rural areas) unavailability of roads, banks, schools,
etc
2)
Structural
defects in operational systems in most rural areas such as small farmers
3)
Limited
access to appropriate technology in rural areas
4)
Limitation
of access to modern knowledge and theology in rural areas
5)
Unequal
distribution of income, prosperity and national facilities and opportunities
between industry and agriculture.
6)
Absence
of formal education syste.
7)
Lack
of connection between city and village to provide socio-economic services
8)
Vulnerability
of sometimes rural settlements to natural disasters
9)
Lack
of arrangement of space suitable for sometimes rural residence
10)
Imbalance
and growing inequality between urban centers and rural communities
11)
Weakness
in the transportation system
Institutional and
Structural Challenges
Institutional and
structural challenges affecting rural development include:
1)
The
dominance of sectoral thinking (despite the emphasis on comprehensive and
spatial programs) over the overall planning process,
2)
Lack
of cohesive and effective communication between executive organizations in
achieving program objectives,
3)
The
existence of a centralized (top-down) management structure despite the
acceptance of regional and provincial program decentralization,
4)
The
presence of a centralized spatial structure in the country's spatial planning
system, prioritizing urban centers over rural settlements,
5)
Lack
of belief in rural development among some decision-makers within the country�s
planning structure,
6)
Absence
of a comprehensive rural development plan,
7)
Lack
of coordination between organizations responsible for rural development and the
overlap of their duties,
8)
Mismanagement
of land and land use,
9)
Absence
of long-term and practical plans for the systematic organization of rural
centers and spaces,
10)
Lack
of a clear legal framework for rural planning,
11)
Absence
of a specific model or framework for rural development,
12)
Deficiencies
in planning at various levels, such as the absence of local-level planning and
lack of clear delineation of planning responsibilities at national, regional,
and local levels
Planning that
focuses on identifying central villages for providing necessary services,
creating non-agricultural jobs, developing rural industries, consolidating
agricultural lands, reducing rural migration, and developing human resources
can address some of the existing challenges in rural development.
Discussion
The
examination of rural development challenges in Afghanistan through a
theoretical lens has yielded a comprehensive understanding of the intricate web
of issues that hinder progress in the nation's rural areas. The study's
findings underscore the interconnectedness of institutional, socio-cultural,
economic, environmental, and physical infrastructure challenges, necessitating
a multifaceted approach to rural development.
The
discussion of institutional challenges highlights the critical role of
effective planning and management in rural development. The top-down approach
and centralized planning that have characterized rural development efforts in
Afghanistan have often excluded local participation and failed to address the
diverse needs of rural communities. This has led to inefficiencies and a lack
of coordination, resulting in dissatisfaction among the rural population
Socio-cultural
challenges, such as migration and cultural barriers, have contributed to the
aging of rural populations and the erosion of traditional rural lifestyles. The
study suggests that addressing these challenges requires an understanding of
local contexts and the empowerment of rural communities to engage in
development processes. Economic challenges, including low agricultural
productivity and limited market access, are symptomatic of a broader lack of
economic diversification and private sector involvement
In
conclusion, the discussion points to the need for a holistic and integrated
approach to rural development in Afghanistan that addresses the identified
challenges in a coordinated manner. This approach must be inclusive,
community-driven, and cognizant of the local context to ensure that rural
development initiatives are effective and sustainable.
CONCLUSION
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Copyright holder: Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar, Janat
Gul Zazia (2024) |
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